Role of minerals in animal health disorders

Abstract

All mineral matter, essential or non-essential, can have a significant influence on production results and the health of animals, if large quantities of them are present in a feed ration. A maximally tolerant content depends on the animal specie and category. Many factors, such as physiological status (growth, lactation, etc.), nutritive status, content and ratio of nutritive matter in the ration, duration of exposure, and the biological level of utilization of elements, also affect the maximally tolerant content of mineral matter in feed. The content of certain mineral matter in plant feed significantly depends on the soil factor, as well as the content and level of utilization of mineral matter from the soil. Mn, Se and Mo can be present in plant feed in such quantities as to induce toxicosis. Industrial contaminants, Cd, Pb or F, can contaminate plants, in particular their leaves, in quantities which lead to the appearance of clinical signs of conventional toxicosis. Moreover, natural water can contain large quantities of S, F, Na, Mg, or Fe, and certain mineral matter can get into water through industrial waste. In addition to the above, it is possible to cause unwanted effects through the frequent, but primarily unprofessional use of mineral additives, since it is extremely important, besides meeting the mineral requirements of each individual element, to secure a ratio among the mineral matter themselves as well as with other nutritive matter. Mineral matter present in food are in mutual interference, and these relations can be synergistic or antagonistic. The sufficiency of a large number of mineral matter has a negative effect on the utilization of other matter (conditional and/or border deficiency), while certain elements cause the clinical appearance of toxic effects. The accidental intake of large quantities of certain mineral matter is revealed as clinical signs of acute toxicosis, which is very different from chronic effects caused by the intake of increased quantities of mineral matter over a longer time period.

Sve mineralne materije, esencijalne ili neesencijalne, mogu značajno da utiču na proizvodne rezultate i zdravstevno stanje životinja ukoliko su u obroku prisutne u velikim količinama. Maksimalno tolerantan sadržaj zavisi se od vrste i kategorije životinja, a mnogi faktori, kao što su fiziološki status (rast, laktacija, itd), nuthtivni status, sadržaj i odnos hranljivih materija u obroku, trajanje ekspozicije i bioiskoristivost elementa, utiču na maksimalno tolerantan sadržaj mineralnih materija u hrani. Sadržaj pojedinih mineralnih materija u biljnim hranivima značajno zavisi od faktora tla, kao i sadržaja i iskoristivosti mineralnih materija iz tla. Mn, Se i Mo mogu da budu prisutni u hranivima biljnog porekla u takvim količinama da izazovu trovanja. Industrijski kontaminenti, Cd, Pb Hi F, mogu da kontaminiraju biljke, posebno lišće, u količinama koje dovode do ispoljavanja kliničkih znaka klasičnog trovanja. Osim toga, prirodno voda može da sadrži velike količine S, F, Na, Mg ili Fe, a pojedine mineralne materije mogu da dospeju u vodu preko industrijskog otpada. Pored navedenog, čestom, a pre svega nestručnom, upotrebom mineralnih dodataka postoji mogućnost izazivanja neželjenih efekata s obzirom na to daje, pored zadovoljenja minimalnih potreba svakog pojedinačnog elementa, neobično važan i odnos mineralnih materija međusobno, kao i sa drugim hranljivim materijama. Mineralne materije prisutne u hrani interferiraju međusobno, a odnosi mogu da budu sinergistički ili antagonistički. Suficit većeg broja mineralnih materija negativno utiče na iskorišćavanje drugih (uslovni i/ili granični deficiti), dok određeni elementi izazivaju kliničko ispoljavanje toksičnih efekata. Akcidentalno unošenje velikih količina pojedinih mineralnih materija ispoljavaju se kliničkim znacima akutne toksikoze, što se veoma razlikuje od hroničnih efekata izazvanih unošenjem povećanih količina mineralnih materija tokom dužeg perioda.