Effect of farming systems on soil compaction, weed synuzia and yield of winter wheat

Abstract

The paper deals with effects of different farming systems on some important soil physical properties, floristic composition of weeds and yield of some winter wheat cultivars. The following farming systems were included in this investigation: Conventional Fanning System (CFS) with high inputs, and Sustainable Agriculture (SA) with low inputs. The following physical soil properties were studied: bulk density, total porosity, air field capacity and penetration resistance. Higher differences were found between three investigated layers, and for interactions between farming system and layer. Significant increase in compaction during the waxy stage was found in CFS on the layer 10-20 cm (1.51g/cm3) which was a result of multiple passes of mechanization in basic and pre-sowing tillage. Increased total number of individuals and biomass of weeds, especially annuals, was found in SA plots. The yield of wheat cultivars reacts differently under the two agricultural farming systems. The semi-dwarf cultivars Pobeda, Fundulea 4, Bezostay 1 and Siete Cerros show higher differences in yield than the tall cultivars Odeskay 51 and Flamnik.

U radu je prikazan uticaj različitih sistema zemljoradnje na neke važnije fizičke osobine, floristički sastav korova i prinos nekih sorti ozime pšenice. U ispitivanje su bili uključeni sledeći sistemi zemljoradnje: konvencionalni sistem zemljoradnje (KSZ) sa velikim ulaganjima i održivi sistem zemljoradnje (OSZ) sa malim ulaganjima. Od fizičkih osobina zemljišta ispitivane su sledeće: zapreminska masa, ukupna poroznost, vazdušni kapacitet i kompakcija. Veća razlika između u pogledu fizičkih osobina zemljišta dobijena je kod interakcija sistema zemljoradnje i ispitivanih dubina. U fazi voštane zrelosti ozime pšenice zemljišni sloj do dubine od 30 cm vraća se u prirodno stanje u OSZ. Signifikantno veća kompakcija zemljišta prisutna je u sloju 10-20cm (1.5 lg/cm3), što je rezultat višestrukih prohoda mehanizacije prilikom osnovne i dopunske obrade. Održivi sistem zemljoradnje povećava broj i masu korova, posebno jednogodišnjih. Sorte pšenice različito reaguju na uslove u oba sistema zemljoradnje. Sorte stabla srednje visine, Pobeda, Fundulea 4, Bezostaja 1 i Siete Cerros, pokazuju veće razlike od sorata visokog stabla Odeska 51 i Flamnik. Razlog za to je u činjenici da je genetski potencijal visokih sorata generalno posmatrano niži u poređenju sa genotipovima stabla srednje visine. Tako su te sorte prinosnije u lošijim uslovima uspevanja.