Forage catch crops in sustainable agriculture and organing farming

Abstract

In the recent trends in plant production such as sustainable agriculture and organing farming, cover crops became more important and practically non missing link in crop rotation. With catch crops growing application of chemicals (mineral fertilizers and pesticides) are reduced or completely omitted. Hence, the main aim of cover crops growing is protection of agro ecological system. Cover crops are using to design new strategy that preserve farm natural resources while remaining profitable. Key to this approach is to see a farm as an agro ecosystem a dynamic relationship of the mineral, biological, weather and human resources involved in producing crops or livestock. From that point of view agricultural practices should be environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Cover crops are grown as pure crops or as plant mixture between two cash crops. According to sowing time cover crops are sows as winter cash crops. The main benefits of cover crops are: reducing fertilizer costs conservation of soil moisture, reducing of nutrients leaching, improving of soil properties, reducing the needs for pesticides, prevention of soil erosion, water quality protection and help safe guard personal health. Benefits vary by location and season, but at least two or three occur with any cover crop.

Ozimi krmni međuusevi postaju sve značajniji i zastupljeniji u strukturi setve sa pojavom novih pravaca u biljnoj proizvodnji, kao što su održiva poljoprivreda i organska proizvodnja. Osnovni cilj njihovog gajenja je zaštita agroekološkog sistema, što se ostvaruje, pre svega smanjenjem ili potpunom izostavljanju upotrebe mineralnih đubriva i pesticida. Ozimi krmni međuusevi imaju izrazito važnu ulogu, kao neizostavna karika u proizvodnji zdravstveno bezbedne hrane, uz očuvanje prirodnih resursa, pri čemu se istovremeno ostvaruje i profit. Ključni pristup za takvu koncepciju je viđenje farme kao agroekosistema koji predstavlja dinamičan odnos zemljišnih, vremenskih, bioloških i ljudskih resursa uključenih u biljnu i stočarsku proizvodnju. Ozimi krmni međuusevi predstavljaju čiste useve ili njihove smeše između dva glavna useva. Značaj gajenja krmnih međuuseva ogleda se u: smanjenju troškova đubrenja, čuvanju zemljišne vlage i ispiranje hraniva, popravci osobina zemljišta, sprečavanju erozije smanjenju upotrebe pesticida i očuvanju životne sredine. Navedene koristi od ozimih krmnih međuuseva značajno zavise od konkretnih agroekoloških uslova proizvodnje. U radu su analizirane sve navedene koristi, odnosno značaj ozimih krmnih međuuseva.