Weediness in wheat crops and weed management options

Abstract

According survey of wheat crop in Serbia there are more than 250 weed species. The most annual and perennial harmful weed species in many wheat field in Serbia are: Avena fatua, Bilderdykia convolvulus, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium, Galium aparine, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galeopsis ladanum, Lamium purpureum, Lamium amplexicaule, Lolium perenne, Papaver rhoeas, Polygonum aviculare, Sinapis arvensis, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica, etc. Weeds need managing in wheat crop for a meny reasons: to protect crop yield and crop quality, to ensure easy of harvest, to prevent problems in following crops, to reduce spread of pest and diseases, and etc. An effective weed management program takes into account the type of weeds present, crop rotation, cultivation (ploughing, shallow), direct drilling, sowing data (early sowing), crop competition, mechanical weeding (finger tine), prevent weed seed spread and application of herbicides. Weed management should be planned across a whole rotation.

Prema pregledu korovske flore useva pšenice na području Srbije utvrđeno je prisustvo više od 250 korovskih vrsta. Najčešće jednogodišnje i višegodišnje ekonomski štetne korovske vrste za našu zemlju su: Avena fatua, Bilderdykia convolvulus, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium, Galium aparine, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galeopsis ladanum, Lamium purpureum, Lamium amplexicaule, Lolium perenne, Papaver rhoeas, Polygonum aviculare, Sinapis arvensis, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica itd. Suzbijanje korova u usevu pšenice je neophodno izvoditi iz više razloga: da bi se zaštitio prinos i kvalitet zrna pšenice, osigurala lakša i efikasnija žetva useva, smanjili problemi u vezi korova u narednom usevu, smanjilo širenje fitopatogenih organizama i štetočina koje se razvijaju na korovima itd. Efikasno suzbijanje korova podrazumeva: poznavanje karte zakorovljenosti parcela, gajenje pšenice u plodoredu, obradu zemljišta (osnovna, predsetvena), vreme, dubinu i gustinu setve useva, negu useva, gajenje kompetitivnih sorti pšenice, mehaničko uklanjanje korova (plevljenjem), sprečavanje raznošenja semena korova i primenu herbicida. Prilikom pravljenja plana za suzbijanje korova u proizvodnji pšenice važno je kombinovati, odnosno rotirati navedene mere.