Influence of lipolysis and ketogenesis to metabolic and hematological parameters in dairy cows during periparturient period

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of the metabolic profile and complete blood count in cows in the periparturient period on the basis of the intensity of lipolysis and ketogenesis (concentration of non esterified fatty acid - NEFA and betahydroxybutyrate - BHB). Based on median values of NEFA and BHB cows were divided into 3 groups: cows physiologically burdened with catabolism (NEFA and BHB levels above the median one week after parturition), cows significantly burdened with catabolism (NEFA and BHB levels above the median one week before and after parturition) and cows that are not burdened with catabolism (NEFA and BHB below the median, i.e. the control group). The median value of NEFA was 0.27 mmol/L one week before parturition and 0.61 mmol/L one week after it. The median value of BHB was 0.51 mmol/L one week before parturition and 0.99 mmol/L one week after it. A significant group effect was shown for each week separately, so that cows physiologically burdened with catabolism and/or cows significantly burdened with catabolism compared to the control group have the following features of the metabolic profile and complete blood count: higher concentrations of NEFA and BHB (weeks: -1, 1, 2, 4, 8), lower concentrations of glucose (weeks: 1, 4), lower concentration of cholesterol (week 8), lower concentrations of total protein (weeks: 1, 2), lower concentrations of urea (weeks: 1, 2, 4, 8) and a higher concentration of bilirubin (weeks: - 1, 1, 2, 4, 8), increased levels of AST (weeks: -1, 1) and ALT (weeks: -1, 2), lower value of Ca (week -1), lower hemoglobin concentration (week -1), lower white blood cell count (week 4), a larger number of neutrophils (weeks: -1, 1, 2) and a higher number of lymphocytes (week 4). Using the method of factor analysis and principal components showed that NEFA, BHB and glucose are the major components that affect the metabolic profile and blood count, making 71.8% of the variability of all parameters. Cows with hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, decreased hemoglobin concentration and/or red blood cell count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio >1 showed significantly higher concentrations of NEFA and BHB compared to cows with parameters within normal ranges. Complete ROC (receiver operating characteristics) analysis showed that NEFA and BHB are important diagnostic indicators that allow the separation of cows with parameters out of the reference values from cows with normal values of parameters in the metabolic profile and blood count (0.5 lt AUC lt 0.87). Reliability of identification of cows with parameters that are out of the reference value increases with increasing concentrations of NEFA and BHB, which confirms that intense lipolysis and ketogenesis start a series of compensatory processes in the metabolism in cows. The results confirm that NEFA and BHB significantly affect the value of numerous metabolic and hematological parameters in the periparturient period.

Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju karakteristike metaboličkog profila i krvne slike krava u peripartalnom periodu na osnovu intenziteta lipolize i ketogeneze (koncentracija NEFA i BHB). Na osnovu vrednosti medijane NEFA i BHB krave su podeljene u 3 grupe: krave fiziološki opterećene katabolizmom (NEFA i BHB iznad medijane u nedelji posle partusa), krave značajno opterećene katabolizmom (NEFA i BHB iznad medijane u nedelji pre i posle partusa) i krave koje nisu opterećene katabolizmom (NEFA i BHB ispod medijane). Srednja vrednost NEFA bila je 0.27 mmol/l u nedelji pre partusa i 0.61 mmol/l u nedelji posle partusa. Srednja vrednost BHB iznosila je 0.51mmol/l u nedelji pre partusa i 0.99 mmol/l u nedelji posle partusa. Dokazan je signifikantan uticaj grupe za svaku nedelju posebno, tako da krave fiziološki opterećene katabolizmom i/ili značajno opterećene katabolizmom u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu imaju: višu koncentraciju NEFA i BHB (nedelje: -1, 1, 2, 4, 8), nižu koncentraciju glukoze (nedelje:1, 4), nižu koncentraciju holesterola (nedelja 8), nižu koncentraciju ukupnih proteina (nedelje:1, 2), nižu koncentraciju uree (nedelje:1, 2, 4, 8) i višu koncentraciju bilirubina (nedelje: -1, 1, 2, 4, 8), višu aktivnost AST (nedelje: -1, 1) i ALT (nedelje: -1, 2), nižu vrednost Ca (nedelja -1), nižu koncentraciju hemoglobina (nedelja -1), manji broj leukocita (nedelja 4), veći broj neutrofila (nedelje: -1, 1, 2) i veći broj limfocita (nedelja 4). Faktorskom analizom i metodom glavnih komponenti utvrđeno je su NEFA, BHB i glukoza najznačajnije komponente koje utiču na metabolički profil i krvnu sliku čineći 71.8% varijabilnosti svih parametara. Krave kod kojih je utvrđena hipoglikemija, hipokalcemija, hipoalbuminemija, hiperbilirubinemija, snižena koncentracija hemoglobina i/ili broj eritrocita i odnos neutrofila i limfocita >1 imaju značajno višu koncentraciju NEFA i BHB u odnosu na krave sa vrednostima ovih parametara u okviru referentnih. Kompletnom ROC (receiver operating characteristics) analizom je dokazano da su NEFA i BHB značajni dijagnostički indikatori koji omogućavaju razdvajanje krava sa parametrima izvan referentnih vrednosti od krava čiji su parametri u okviru referentnih vrednosti (0.5 lt AUC lt 0.87). Pouzdanost identifikacije krava sa parametrima izvan referentneih vrednosti raste sa porastom koncentracije NEFA i BHB (intenzivniji katabolizam), što potvrđuje da intenzivna lipoliza i ketogeneza pokreću niz kompenzatornih procesa u metabolizmu krava. Dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju da NEFA i BHB značajno utiču na vrednost metaboličkih i hematoloških parametara u peripartalnom periodu.