Objectives, methods and accomplishments in fruit and grape breeding

Abstract

The most important objectives, methods and accomplishments in fruit and grape breeding are showed in this study. Yield, quality and resistance to plant diseases and pests are underlined among numerous breeding aims. Besides, review of specific targets was also listed. The most conventional and new biotechnological breeding methods were described. A lot of accessory methods, which in combination with the conventional ones are contributing faster achievement of set goals, are also mentioned. Accomplishments of many breeding programs showed that planned work contributed creating numerous important cultivars and rootstocks in all fruit and grapevine species. Those cultivars are pushing out the standard ones and replacing them in new plantations. All of this is showing that breeding work throughout the world and in our country should go on, while only new cultivars and rootstocks with high genetic potential can provide, with certain conditions, high income in fruit production and viticulture.

U radu su prikazani najvažniji ciljevi, metode i dostignuća u oplemenjivanju voćaka i vinove loze. Među ciljevima oplemenjivanja posebno su istaknuti prinos, kvalitet i otpornost prema izazivačima bolesti i štetočinama. Pored njih dat je i prikaz pojedinih specifičnih ciljeva. Od metoda oplemenjivanja u prvom redu obrađene su konvencionalne i nove metode biotehnologije. Određena pažnja usresređena je i na brojne pomoćne metode, koje u kombinaciji sa konvencionalnim, doprinose bržem ostvarivanju postavljenih ciljeva. Dostignuća mnogih oplemenjivačkih programa pokazala su da su planskim radom na oplemenjivanju stvorene brojne privredno značajne sorte i podloge kod svih vrsta voćaka i vinove loze. Mnoge od njih potiskuju iz proizvodnje standardne sorte i zauzimaju odgovarajuća mesta u novim zasadima. Sve ovo ukazuje da oplemenjivački rad kako u svetu tako i u našoj zemlji treba dalje nastaviti, jer samo nove sorte i podloge velikog genetičkog potencijala mogu, uz odgovarajuće druge uslove, obezbediti visok dohodak u voćarskoj i vinogradarskoj proizvodnji.