Most important types of cattle behavior

Abstract

Behavior of cattle is a simple and easily established indicator of their health condition, production characteristics and welfare, showing whether and how the animal has adapted to the maintenance conditions. Essentially, all forms of cattle behavior are accompanied by certain physiological changes in the organism, and the basic moving forces of behavior are congenital. The moving forces of behavior of cattle are narrowed down to a certain number of biological needs (the need for food, water, sexual and other biological needs) and congenital urges and instincts, such as the combative and maternal instincts. Cattle are grazing animals and they cannot exhibit all their congenital natural activities of behavior under intensive maintenance conditions. Different internal and external stimuli influence the types of behavior of cattle, changing the motivational activities of their organism. In the course of domestication, certain forms of behavior of cattle have sustained changes, some have adapted to the new conditions, and new ones have appeared as well. The social, reproductive, maternal, and feeding behavior of cattle in closed maintenance conditions has not changed fundamentally, but the model of its manifesting has changed. Furthermore, certain disorders in the behavior of cattle also appear as a consequence of the maintenance conditions, and they can also be of hereditary character. In order to promote welfare, cattle should be enabled to exhibit their natural behavior, but they should also be provided with an environment that has natural characteristics.

Ponašanje goveda je jednostavan i lako procenljiv pokazatelj zdravstvenog stanja, proizvodnih osobina i dobrobiti, koji pokazuje da li se i na koji način životinja prilagodila uslovima gajenja. U osnovi, svi oblici ponašanja goveda praćeni su određenim fiziološkim promenama u organizmu, a osnovne pokretačke snage ponašanja su urođene. Pokretačke snage ponašanja goveda svode se na određen broj bioloških potreba (potreba za hranom, vodom, seksualne i druge biološke potrebe) i urođene nagone ili instinkte, kao što je borbenost i materinski instinkt. Goveda su pašne životinje i u intenzivnim uslovima gajenja ne mogu da ispolje sve svoje urođene prirodne aktivnosti i ponašanja. Različiti interni i eksterni stimulusi utiču na oblike ponašanja goveda, menjajući motivacione aktivnosti njihovog organizma. Tokom domestikacije, pojedini oblici ponašanja goveda su se izmenili, pojedini prilagodili novonastalim uslovima, a javili su se i novi. Socijalno, reproduktivno, materinsko i hranidbeno ponašanje goveda pri stajskom načinu držanja nije suštinski promenjeno, ali je izmenjen model njihovog ispoljavanja. Takođe, kao posledica uslova gajenja javljaju se i određeni poremećaji u ponašanju goveda, koji mogu biti i naslednog karaktera. U cilju unapređenja dobrobiti treba omogućiti govedima ispoljavanje prirodnog ponašanja, ali i omogućiti okruženje koje ima prirodne karakteristike.