TY  - JOUR
AU  - Glavinic, Uros
AU  - Blagojevic, Jovan
AU  - Ristanic, Marko
AU  - Stevanovic, Jevrosima
AU  - Lakic, Nada
AU  - Mirilovic, Milorad
AU  - Stanimirovic, Zoran
PY  - 2022
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/7/574
UR  - http://aspace.agrif.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6138
AB  - Nosema ceranae is the most widespread microsporidian species which infects the honey bees of Apis mellifera by causing the weakening of their colonies and a decline in their productive and reproductive capacities. The only registered product for its control is the antibiotic fumagillin; however, in the European Union, there is no formulation registered for use in beekeeping. Thymol (3-hydroxy-p-cymene) is a natural essential-oil ingredient derived from Thymus vulgaris, which has been used in Varroa control for decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thymol supplementation on the expression of immune-related genes and the parameters of oxidative stress and bee survival, as well as spore loads in bees infected with the microsporidian parasite N. ceranae. The results reveal mostly positive effects of thymol on health (increasing levels of immune-related genes and values of oxidative stress parameters, and decreasing Nosema spore loads) when applied to Nosema-infected bees. Moreover, supplementation with thymol did not induce negative effects in Nosema-infected bees. However, our results indicate that in Nosema-free bees, thymol itself could cause certain disorders (affecting bee survival, decreasing oxidative capacity, and downregulation of some immune-related gene expressions), showing that one should be careful with preventive, uncontrolled, and excessive use of thymol. Thus, further research is needed to reveal the effect of this phytogenic supplement on the immunity of uninfected bees.
T2  - Insects
T2  - Insects
T1  - Use of Thymol in Nosema ceranae Control and Health
Improvement of Infected Honey Bees
IS  - 7
SP  - 574
VL  - 13
DO  - 10.3390/insects13070574
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Glavinic, Uros and Blagojevic, Jovan and Ristanic, Marko and Stevanovic, Jevrosima and Lakic, Nada and Mirilovic, Milorad and Stanimirovic, Zoran",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Nosema ceranae is the most widespread microsporidian species which infects the honey bees of Apis mellifera by causing the weakening of their colonies and a decline in their productive and reproductive capacities. The only registered product for its control is the antibiotic fumagillin; however, in the European Union, there is no formulation registered for use in beekeeping. Thymol (3-hydroxy-p-cymene) is a natural essential-oil ingredient derived from Thymus vulgaris, which has been used in Varroa control for decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thymol supplementation on the expression of immune-related genes and the parameters of oxidative stress and bee survival, as well as spore loads in bees infected with the microsporidian parasite N. ceranae. The results reveal mostly positive effects of thymol on health (increasing levels of immune-related genes and values of oxidative stress parameters, and decreasing Nosema spore loads) when applied to Nosema-infected bees. Moreover, supplementation with thymol did not induce negative effects in Nosema-infected bees. However, our results indicate that in Nosema-free bees, thymol itself could cause certain disorders (affecting bee survival, decreasing oxidative capacity, and downregulation of some immune-related gene expressions), showing that one should be careful with preventive, uncontrolled, and excessive use of thymol. Thus, further research is needed to reveal the effect of this phytogenic supplement on the immunity of uninfected bees.",
journal = "Insects, Insects",
title = "Use of Thymol in Nosema ceranae Control and Health
Improvement of Infected Honey Bees",
number = "7",
pages = "574",
volume = "13",
doi = "10.3390/insects13070574"
}

Glavinic, U., Blagojevic, J., Ristanic, M., Stevanovic, J., Lakic, N., Mirilovic, M.,& Stanimirovic, Z.. (2022). Use of Thymol in Nosema ceranae Control and Health
Improvement of Infected Honey Bees. in Insects, 13(7), 574.
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070574

Glavinic U, Blagojevic J, Ristanic M, Stevanovic J, Lakic N, Mirilovic M, Stanimirovic Z. Use of Thymol in Nosema ceranae Control and Health
Improvement of Infected Honey Bees. in Insects. 2022;13(7):574.
doi:10.3390/insects13070574 .

Glavinic, Uros, Blagojevic, Jovan, Ristanic, Marko, Stevanovic, Jevrosima, Lakic, Nada, Mirilovic, Milorad, Stanimirovic, Zoran, "Use of Thymol in Nosema ceranae Control and Health
Improvement of Infected Honey Bees" in Insects, 13, no. 7 (2022):574,
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070574 . .