Zaštita borovnice od prouzrokovača biljnih bolesti i štetočina

Abstract

Zaštita borovnice od prouzrokovača biljnih bolesti i štetočina predstavlja neizostavni činilac u proizvodnji ove kulture, koji obezbeđuje optimalni prinos i očuvanje dobrog zdravstvenog stanja biljaka u zasadu. Tokom procesa proizvodnje borovnice javlja se nekoliko biljnih patogena koji mogu bitno da ugroze zdravlje biljaka, a među njima su najznačajniji: Phytophthora cinnamomi (prouzrokovač truleži korena), Botrytis cinerea (prouzrokovač sive truleži plodova), Monilinia spp. (prouzrokovač mrke truleži plodova), Colletotrichum spp. (prouzrokovači antraknozne truleži plodova), Septoria albopunctata (prouzrokovač pegavosti lista i izdanka) i Thekopsora minima (prouzrokovač rđe). Najznačajnije štetočine borovnice su: štitaste i lisne vaši, kao i azijska voćna mušica (Drosophila suzukii). U programu zaštite borovnice od prouzrokovača bolesti i štetočina veoma značajno mesto zauzimaju nehemijske mere zaštite. Agrotehničke i pomotehničke mere obuhvataju sadnju zdravog sadnog materijala, sadnju otpornijih sorti, plodored, umerenu prihranu azotnim đubrivima, orezivanje i iznošenje zaraženih izdanaka iz zasada, kao i uklanjanje starijih izdanaka, u cilju smanjenja populacije štitastih vaši. Pored ovih mera, za suzbijanje D. suzukii preporučuju se mehaničke mere koje podrazumevaju postavljanje lovnih klopki i “anti-insekt” mreže. Prvo tretiranje za suzbijanje Monilinia spp. i štitastih i lisnih vaši obavlja se početkom kretanja vegetacije preparatima na bazi bakarnih jedinjenja i mineralnih ulja. Drugo tretiranje za suzbijanje biljnih patogena (Monilinia spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum) obavlja se neposredno pre cvetanja kombinacijom fungicida kaptan + piraklostrobin + boskalid, uz dodatak insekticida na bazi piretroida ili hlorpirifos-metila za suzbijanje lisnih vaši. Tokom cvetanja, pored prouzrokovača truleži, suzbija se i prouzrokovač pegavosti lista i izdanka kombinacijom piraklostrobin + boskalid, dok u precvetavanju, ovoj kombinaciji se dodaje i triazol za suzbijanje prouzrokovača rđe, ali i neonikotinoid za suzbijanje lisnih vaši. Poslednje prskanje pre berbe, koje podrazumeva poštovanje propisane karence preparata, sprovodi se u cilju suzbijanja prouzrokovača truleži plodova (Monilinia spp., B. cinerea) i T. minima, kao i D. suzukii, kombinacijom preparata na bazi fenheksamida, triazola i cijantraniliprola. U periodu posle berbe izvodi se još jedno tretiranje primenom preparata na bazi neorganiskih jedinjenja bakra i piretroida. Program zaštite borovnice, ukoliko je pravilno sproveden, i u skladu sa meteo uslovima i biologijom prouzrokovača bolesti i štetočina, uz adekvatnu i pravovremenu primenu pesticida, obezbediće optimalan prinos ove kulture.

The protection of blueberries from the causative agents of plant diseases and pests is an indispensable factor in the production of this culture, which ensures optimum yield and preservation of good plant health in plantations. During the blueberry production process there are several plant pathogens that can significantly endanger plant health, among which are the most significant: Phytophthora cinnamomi (causal agent of blueberry root rot), Botrytis cinerea (causal agent of gray mold), Monilinia spp. (causal agents of brown rot), Colletotrichum spp. (causal agents of anthracnose rot), Septoria albopunctata (causal agent of leaf spot) and Thekopsora minima (causal agent of blueberry leaf rust). The most important pests of blueberries are: scales and aphids, as well as spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). In the program for the protection of blueberries from the causative agents of diseases and pests, a very important place is taken by non-chemical protection measures. Agrotechnical and pomotechnical measures include the planting of healthy seedlings, planting more resistant varieties, crop rotation, moderate use of nitrogen fertilizer for plants nutrition, cutting and removing of infected plant outbursts, and removing older branches, in order to reduce the population of scales. In addition to these measures, for D. suzukii control, mechanical measures are recommended that involve the setting up of hunting traps and "anti-insect" grids. The first spraying for Monilinia spp., scales and aphids control is carried out at the beginning of the vegetation with preparations based on copper compounds and mineral oils. Second treatment for the control of plant pathogens (Monilinia spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum) is performed immediately before flowering with a combination of fungicides captan + pyraclostrobin + boscalid, with the addition of insecticide, pyrethroide or chlorpyrifos-methyl for aphids control. During the flowering, besides the causative agent of the rot, it performs the control of the causative agent of the leaf spot by a combination of pyraclostrobin + boscalid, while after flowering, this combination is supplemented with triazole fungicide for control of the causative agent of rust, and the neonicotinoid for control of aphids. The last spraying before harvest, which implies compliance with the prescribed withdrawal period, is carried out in order to suppress the causative agents of the fruits (Monilinia spp., B. cinerea) and T. minima, as well as D. suzukii, with combination of preparations based on fenhexamid and triazole fungicide and cyantraniliprole. In the post-harvest period, another treatment is performed using a preparation based on inorganic copper and pyrethroide compounds. The blueberry protection program, if properly implemented, and in accordance with meteorological conditions and the biology of the causative agents of the diseases and pests, with the adequate and timely application of pesticides, will ensure the optimal yield of this culture.